Natural rubber, primarily sourced from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), is a critical raw material in various industries worldwide due to its unique mechanical properties and versatility 1.

The rubber tree [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Müell. Arg.] is native to the Amazon region. However, since the introduction of rubber tree materials by Henry Wickham in 1876, Southeast ...