Animals rely on both behavioral and immune mechanisms to defend against pathogen infections 1,2,3. While immune responses eliminate invading pathogens, behavioral responses help prevent encounters, ...

Neurotrophins are essential proteins that support the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons. Among these, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role in neuronal signaling ...

The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step, but for developing neurons, this first step relies on collaboration from multiple signaling pathways. Scientists at St. Jude Children's ...

Being able to react to stimuli allows organisms to survive. Be it identifying a visual threat and evading it or sensing pain when an extremity finds the edge of furniture and retracting that limb, ...

University of Pennsylvania and Syracuse University scientists have discovered that a hindbrain-derived peptide, octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), can suppress appetite and improve glucose regulation without ...