Due to the freezing influences in alpine regions, an in-depth study of the dynamic characteristics of frozen ballast beds is urgently needed. This paper established discrete element method (DEM) ...

Coarse-grained soil is defined as a soil-rock mixture characterized by particle sizes ranging from 0.075 to 60 mm, with a mass ratio of particles exceeding 50%. Due to its favorable engineering ...

The combined effects of cyclic train loading, track irregularities, and the longitudinal non-uniformity of ballasted tracks induce uneven ballast settlement. Concurrently, the deterioration of dynamic ...