Nitrogen fertilizers play an essential role in ensuring global food security. However, the applied fertilizer-nitrogen, particularly that exceeding crop demand and soil N retention capacity, can ...

Diagram illustrating the impact of natural factors, soil parameters, and nitrogen (N) application rate on the proportion of fertilizer-N losses to the applied N in the cropping seasons of wheat, rice, ...

Pesticides are an integral component of US agriculture and account for about 4.5% of total farm production costs (Aspelin and Grube, 1999). Pesticide use in the United States averaged over 1.2 billion ...